Research progress in cultural ecosystem services

As an important ecosystem service, cultural ecosystem services (CES) bridge social and natural systems．In this paper we summarize the knowledge structure and major research topics in cultural ecosystem services．CiteSpace software was used to analyze 3229 papers in the core series of Web of Science, with focuses on conceptual framework, value assessment and mapping, landscape management applications．This field was divided into two stages: embryonic stage (1997-2005) and development stage (2006-2019), with 2006-2012 being slow development and 2013-2019 being rapid development stages．Researchers were found to show large geological dispersion with some local communities, and mainly concentrated in Europe．Value assessment was found an unchanging theme in CES research．However, increasing attention is now paid to preference and decision-making orientation of stakeholders．Trade-off between cultural ecosystem services and other services is now a major topic．