Urine biomarker

Early diagnosis of disease is the most important problem in medicine．Early diagnosis can give doctors a chance to treat the disease effectively．Urine, unlike blood, is not subject to homeostasis controls and is able to accumulate many disease-related changes．Therefore it can reflect early and small changes and is a better biomarker sources．Animal model studies have demonstrated the potential of urine as a source of early markers．There have been some studies using clinical samples, but many have not taken into account the large variety of confounders that can affect urine．If the changes caused by the disease are large enough and unique enough, urine markers of disease can be found by comparing disease group to healthy control group．If urine samples from the same person before and after the disease can be compared, it can minimize the effects of confounding factors．In this way, urine biomarker may be able to be translated into clinical practice earlier．In the absence of samples before the disease, clues to disease can also be found by using the patient compare to multiple healthy control samples as a group．This review will summarize the start, development, current situation and perspectives of modern urine biomarker theory．